American households are consuming less gasoline compared to this time last year as fuel costs continue their relentless rise.
Now, with the traditional summer driving season underway, these costs have reached a tipping point, forcing many households to reduce their spending on necessities and threatening to slow the overall pace of consumption.
Any further increase in oil and gasoline costs from current elevated levels will result in a major pivot that will send the economy uncomfortably close toward recession in the near term.
And there is little relief in sight, as another round of increases in oil and energy prices linked to geopolitical tensions looms.
This downtrend in consumption began when the price of crude oil firmly entered the public consciousness this year. Crude moved above $100 per barrel in early March and then embarked on a series of higher highs and higher lows.
By the middle of June, the cost of driving had increased by 50% in less than six months, with price increases approaching growth rates of the 1970s-80s oil crises.
There are several reasons for the sustained increase. First and foremost, consumer demand surged beginning last summer when vaccines made it safer for Americans to venture out.
But it took a while for crude production to restart following a decade-long period where investors took a more cautious approach to financing new production. Then came the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and oil prices exploded higher.
It is also important to note that it wasn’t just extraction that was in decline. Refineries reached a peak in their capacity in early 2020 before dropping by 5.4% as of this past March.
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, refinery costs in April comprised 17% of the retail price of gasoline with the price of crude accounting for 60% of prices at the pump.
With rising costs of extraction and refining, there was little outcome other than further increases in prices at the pump.
Diesel prices
Although consumers will be more aware of the increased cost of filling their tanks with gasoline this summer, the most significant damage to the economy and to household balance sheets might well come from the increase in diesel prices. That is, consumers can choose not to take a long drive, but they cannot avoid spending more on food and school supplies because of the indirect cost of diesel.
That’s because diesel is used to plant and harvest crops and then to move the food to market. And diesel transports products from Shanghai to Los Angeles and then on to warehouses and shops.
So, for as long as our reliance on fossil fuels continues, consumers can expect to be stuck with the indirect costs of diesel.
Retail gasoline prices increased by 62% over three years, from $2.79 per gallon in June 2019 to $4.52 in mid-June. Over that same time span, the retail price for diesel increased by 75%, from $3.13 to $5.47. Much of that increase in diesel is because of the 113% jump in the cost of refining, from $0.75 to $1.59 a gallon.
The takeaway
Fossil fuels are going to be part of the energy mix into the foreseeable future despite efforts to decarbonize the domestic and global economies.
If there is a lesson to be learned from the unwillingness of investors to finance the reopening of wells, it is that there is a role for government, in partnership with the private sector, in financing the expansion of production and refining capacity.
In terms of inflation, demand for energy is relatively inelastic in the short term and we think that fuel prices have reached a tipping point with respect to reallocating consumer choice and dampening overall consumption.
While consumers have the capacity to change buying habits in the long term—to alternatives like electric vehicles, for example—in the short term they will have little choice but to spend more on necessities like gasoline, all of which raises the likelihood of a recession.
