The $1.2 trillion infrastructure package recently signed into law by President Biden will increase productivity, reduce business costs, cut carbon emissions, improve living standards and have the potential to lift economic growth above the current long-run rate of 1.8%.
The package is the most significant modernization of the nation’s infrastructure since the middle of the 20th century.
Once one accounts for spending at the state and local level, infrastructure spending will reach nearly $3 trillion over the next eight years. This represents the most significant modernization of the nation’s infrastructure since the middle of the 20th century.
There are near-term macroeconomic benefits to infrastructure investment—the multiplier effect with real interest rates being negative is likely larger than the 1.25 per dollar spent on traditional hard infrastructure. But the most encouraging benefit of the initiatives will take place over the long run as they bring a payoff to both productivity and growth that will be greater than our estimate suggests.
While most ignore productivity in the near term, in the long run it is everything. The dynamism and vitality of the domestic economy depend upon it.
The long-run benefits make this infrastructure package distinct from almost all fiscal policy in recent years. Spending on broadband, roads, bridges, power and water systems, and public transit will receive the largest boost.
Can we afford it?
The law in its first year of implementation will only add $16 billion in net fiscal firepower to the economy. This bill will spur an increase in growth through the productivity channel that will dampen inflationary pressures over the medium to long run and not create undue fiscal constraints.
The new spending in the legislation is not only necessary, but also affordable.
It is important to remember that the American economy generates roughly $23 trillion per year in overall activity. The $550 billion in new spending on top of the expected $2.4 trillion in investment around the remainder of the economy is not only necessary, but we can also afford it.
Academic research over the past three decades shows that for each 10% increase in infrastructure investment, national output grew by 0.8% in the near term and 1.2% in the long run.
Similar scholarly work implies that a 1% increase in public capital investment in hard infrastructure results in a 0.24% increase in productivity. This law should create roughly 675,000 temporary construction jobs over the next 10 years and reduce the unemployment rate by roughly 3 tenths of a percent.
Given that almost all construction jobs are temporary—it has been and will always be this way—only a fraction of those jobs will result in permanent employment. Should labor growth in the United States continue at a restrained pace below 0.5% a year, demand for labor in the construction industry will reach a point where wages will be bid up and firms will begin looking at guest workers and immigrants to fill basic needs.
In our analysis, the greatest challenge to the modernization of American infrastructure will be a tight labor market, and not financial constraints, interest rates or medium- to long-term inflation risks.
While this law will add modestly to the federal deficit, investments that will boost productivity and growth over that period are in the interest of the economy and are strongly supported by the middle market firms that populate the real economy.
In a recent RSM US survey of middle market executives that asked their views of infrastructure, roughly 63% of senior executives said that the state of the nation’s infrastructure is holding back the national economy, 60% said that it was hurting their local economy and 54% noted that it was restricting the growth of their organization.
This kind of consensus in the commercial community is uncommon, and the bi-partisan legislative agreement represents an encouraging next step to repair the nation’s critical infrastructure.
The takeaway
Each year, American states and territories spend roughly $170 billion on infrastructure. Over the next 10 years, the new spending, in addition to the congressional baseline established under law, will result in roughly $2.9 trillion in infrastructure investment.
That represents the single largest modernization of U.S. infrastructure since the Eisenhower-Kennedy-Johnson era of 1950s and 1960s. Since then, public investment in domestic infrastructure has declined by roughly 40%. The new investments are long overdue.
The American people, and the businesses that power the real economy, will benefit.
