Stubbornly high inflation and rising interest rates are creating a pervasive sense of uncertainty among business owners and investors that has left policymakers with few good options.
As confidence among businesses declines, the risk of a more severe downturn rises.
But with the right targeted measures that encourage businesses to make productivity-enhancing investments, policymakers can help firms position themselves for long-term success.
Today, tighter financial conditions and the prospect of lower corporate earnings and revenues have the potential to force businesses to dial back their fixed investments.
For the broader economy, it is all happening at an inopportune time. As confidence among businesses declines, the risk of a more severe downturn rises.
Policymakers, then, face a quandary: How can they confront declining output when the traditional methods of fiscal and monetary stimulus are not an option?
There are alternatives. One is to invest in infrastructure that boosts productivity and capacity. These investments are not inflationary and position businesses for long-run success, especially in an economy with a chronic shortage of workers.
The second option is for policymakers to embrace the full deductibility of new business investment as well as increased support for research and development.
Both measures would boost productivity and reduce costs over the medium to long term without spurring inflation.
And the middle market is ready to make such investments.
Over the past seven quarters, our RSM US Middle Market Business Index, a survey of the nation’s leading middle market executives, shows that a majority of survey participants said they intended to boost investments to enhance productivity.
This view is notable because it comes from a cohort of the American economy that has traditionally been slower to make these investments.
Any policies that dampen that risk appetite among medium-sized businesses would represent a significant setback for an important sector of the economy.
Encouraging these investments offers a number of benefits. First, it represents a middle ground that allows for higher interest rates to battle inflation and avoids fiscal and monetary stimulus that would otherwise fuel rising prices, all while still encouraging investment.
Second, our approach would avoid imposing undue hardship on the general public through higher-than-necessary rates of unemployment.
Real economy investment
A 1983 National Bureau of Economic Research paper by Ben Bernanke, who would later become Federal Reserve chairman, suggests that investors will postpone projects if they think they need additional information regarding the profitability of the project.
That information might suggest abandonment of the project, or it might suggest that further delay might negatively affect profitability.
Bernanke found that because uncertainty increases the value of waiting for new information, it can impede investment.
As the U.S. economy approaches the end of the business cycle, rising uncertainty among businesses over inflation, growth and policy represent a danger to fixed business investment, to productivity, and, ultimately, to the ability of the Fed to restore price stability.
Measuring risk
How can we measure the uncertainty factored into the decision of whether to invest? We rely on two surveys of business intentions, a measure of risk priced into financial securities, and a measure of policy uncertainty.
In RSM’s MMBI survey, 41% of executives reported increased capital expenditures in the third quarter.
The RSM US Middle Market Business Index is a survey of senior executives at middle market businesses. After an extended period of solid revenue and profits, sentiment among these executives has become aligned with the overall pessimism linked to inflation and the economy.
Even so, 41% of survey participants reported increased productivity-enhancing capital expenditures during the third quarter of the year, and 53% said they expected to do so over the next six months.
Five of the regional Federal Reserve banks conduct similar surveys of manufacturing establishments regarding current activity and expectations for the next six months. While manufacturing activity has been slowing since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, firms expect continued investment in productivity-enhancing equipment.
Investment normally entails financing of debt, with uncertainty regarding the state of the economy and the ability of borrowers to service that debt factored into the cost.
After an extended period of low risk brought about by monetary policy accommodation and extremely low interest rates, the RSM US Financial Conditions Index has now fallen to two standard deviations below normal.
This decline indicates a significant degree of excess risk being priced into securities and a reduced propensity to borrow or to lend.
Because investment is required for economic growth, financial conditions dropping to such a low level are associated with recessionary periods.
Next, we see investor reaction to events and a growing sense of the inevitability of an economic slowdown as an explanation for the instability of investment over the business cycle.
Because monetary, fiscal and national security policies are determinants of economic activity, we can use the economic policy uncertainty indices devised by the economics professors Scott Ross Baker, Nick Bloom and Steven J. Davis to measure uncertainty surrounding public policy.
We show the index in two of its forms—the composite economic policy uncertainty index and the more volatile news-based index—both of which are normalized around a value of 100.
Two of the dramatic examples of U.S. policy uncertainty occurred in the past four years: the trade war and the pandemic. Those shocks are subsiding, but uncertainty is building once again.
This time, we attribute the increase to the oil and inflation shocks, the geopolitical risk introduced by Russia, and the prospect of a recession.
Using the uncertainty index as our benchmark, we show an imperfect but consistent relationship between uncertainty and non-residential investment: As uncertainty increases, business investment decreases.
The imperfection comes within short-term fluctuations in perceptions of uncertainty but more from the exaggerated quarter-to-quarter changes in investment that occur within a business cycle.
And as we’ve seen by the response of the financial markets to the ill-fated UK budget proposals—an effective veto by the bond market—those policy actions can have a lasting impact on investment, growth and employment.
The state of play
In terms of increased investment in equipment and intellectual property, we can attribute the willingness to invest to the need to remain competitive and to replace the higher costs of a diminished supply of labor.
The increased cost of capital and the likelihood of an economic slowdown next year suggest postponement of investments.
And because a business cycle is rarely a straight line from recession to recovery, we can offer some generalized remarks.
First, investment tends to increase along with growth as lagging information about the recovery becomes evident. Second, as the business cycle matures and growth decelerates, there will be disinclination to invest as confidence declines.
We can see the impact of the loss of confidence in the 2020-22 business cycle, with investment first increasing in response to the release of pent-up demand after the pandemic.
This was followed by the deceleration of overall growth and investment as the depth of the inflation and energy shocks became apparent.
Still, there are other factors to consider. For instance, we expect residential and commercial real estate investment to decrease as interest rates rise. Despite a clear correction in the housing market in many areas, there still is a housing shortage, which will tend to keep prices higher.
Second, risks around rolling over lower-cost debt that is coming due and the continuing interest in working from home are two major factors in declining investment in commercial real estate.
In the business sector, the increased cost of capital and the likelihood of an economic slowdown or outright recession next year suggest postponement or abandonment of investments.
The takeaway
As workers continue to be in short supply, businesses will need to continue investing in labor-enhancing equipment, intellectual property and software to meet demand.
Whatever policy prescriptions are put forward during the early phase of a recession, productivity should remain a top consideration.
Policymakers will have to tread carefully as they combat increasing uncertainty while simultaneously bolstering the economy without causing any further inflation. But, as we propose, there are solutions.
